By DAVID DISHNEAU
FILE – This Aug.30, 1963 black-and-white file photo shows the White House Kremlin “hot line” providing direct communication for emergency use by the Chief of Staff in Washington and Moscow, becaming operational. Air Force Sgt. John Bretoski, left, and Army Lt. Col. Charles Fitzgerald, man the equipment in the Pentagon during a test run. The Pentagon is the U.S. operating terminal for both the land line-transocean circuit and the alternate radio circuit, with a direct relay to the White House. The Washington-Moscow Hot Line, used by U.S. and Russian leaders for frank discussions about crises including the 1967 Six-Day War and the Soviet Union’s 1979 invasion of Afghanistan, marks its 50th birthday Thursday with the nations still grappling with competing interests in regional conflicts. (AP Photo, File)
FREDERICK, Md. (AP) — The Washington-Moscow Hot Line, used by U.S. and Russian leaders for frank discussions about crises including the 1967 Six-Day War and the Soviet Union’s 1979 invasion of Afghanistan, marked its 50th birthday Thursday with the nations still grappling with competing interests in regional conflicts.
The direct connection established during the Cold War by a relatively simple telegraph system now includes telephone and email capabilities and will soon add video, said White House National Security Council spokeswoman Laura Lucas.
“The president continues to value the direct communications link between Washington and Moscow,” Lucas wrote in an emailed response to questions from The Associated Press about the hotline that was used at key moments and helped contact between senior officials at the White House and in the Kremlin.
The next crisis could be just around the corner, said Roald Sagdeev, a former director of the Soviet space exploration program who spoke at an anniversary celebration at Fort Detrick, where the Army maintains a satellite link for the hotline.
“It’s very important to make sure we can keep this, especially at the time of what’s happening in Syria,” Sagdeev, now a University of Maryland physics professor, said before the event. “We should stay with at least keeping what we have for the rainy day.”
Despite popular myth and movie lore, the president doesn’t use a red phone to talk with his Russian counterpart. In fact, the connection established in 1963 was for written communications only. A voice component was added two decades later as the system evolved from an undersea telegraph cable to today’s exchange of data by both satellite and fiber-optics.
“The system is very robust, as you might imagine,” said Craig Bouma, civilian executive officer of the Detrick Earth Station.
Bouma manages the twin satellite dishes and a staff of 16 civilian Army employees — eight technicians and eight linguists. They work around the clock to ensure the system is operating correctly. The station also handles secure communication lines for the Pentagon and the State Department, including a special link the nations use to alert each other to missile tests.
In June, the U.S. and Russia signed a pact to add a direct communication link to prevent the inadvertent escalation of misunderstood cybersecurity incidents.
Until February, the Washington-Moscow link was operated by Honeywell under a five-year, $8.4 million contract.
Bouma said the workers at Detrick have daily interaction with their Russian counterparts in written exchanges that sometimes reveal cultural differences.
“The Russians express themselves in very flowery text: ‘Dear esteemed colleague, greetings. Welcome to the shift,'” Bouma said. “My linguist says that’s very common in the Russian culture.”
The link was set up after the 1962 Cuban missile crisis to avert the accidental outbreak of nuclear war. Known at the Pentagon as MOLINK, for “Moscow Link,’ it went live Aug. 30, 1963, with the U.S.-generated message, “The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog’s back 1234567890.”
The hotline’s first use in crisis mode came during the six-day Arab-Israeli war in 1967, according to Michael Bohn, a former White House Situation Room director and author of the forthcoming “Presidents in Crisis: Tough Decisions from Truman to Obama.” He said Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin sent a message to President Lyndon B. Johnson at 7:47 a.m. on June 5, 1967, after Israel pre-emptively attacked Egypt, Syria and Jordan. The message expressed Russia’s hope that the U.S. government would “exert appropriate influence on the Government of Israel particularly since you have all opportunities of doing so.”
Bohn said the leaders exchanged 19 messages during the Six-Day War. Johnson notably used it after Israel attacked the USS Liberty to assure Kosygin that other U.S. ships rushing to the Liberty’s aid were not joining the hostilities.
Bohn also documented uses of the teletype link by presidents Richard M. Nixon, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan.
Starting with President George H.W. Bush in the early 1990s, telephone calls have replaced written messages as the preferred mode of communication between the nations’ leaders, Bohn said. He said that when the link was created, written messages were seen as a safer way of expressing oneself.
“In a tough situation, you have to be careful what you say. The process of sitting down and writing it out clears your head a little bit and makes you slow down a little bit and think twice — that’s what people have told me,” Bohn said.
The current system also enables emails and private chats, he said.
President Barack Obama uses the direct voice link to talk by phone with Russian President Vladimir Putin. They spoke as recently as March, when Obama phoned Putin to welcome Russian cooperation on international efforts to confront Iran’s nuclear ambitions.
The upgrade to voice and email communications reflects changing times and technology, said James Goldgeier, dean of the American University School of International Service.
“You know, 50 years ago was a long time ago, and the abilities to communicate — it just wasn’t as easy as it is today,” he said. “We just take it for granted now that we can text and we can Skype and we can communicate immediately with anyone over a variety of different mechanisms, and even that we can see the people we communicate with.”
