By TED ANTHONY
FILE – In this Wednesday, May 22, 2013 file photo, a woman looks a mural of photos in the exhibit “Hotel Texas: An Art Exhibition for the President and Mrs. John F. Kennedy” during a preview at the Dallas Museum of Art. The assassination of John F. Kennedy was the event that first defined the Baby Boomer generation that has defined the way we look at the world 50 years later. (AP Photo/LM Otero)
JFK Across The Generations
This image provided by Warner Bros. from Oliver Stone’s 1991 movie “JFK” shows a recreation of the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in Dallas. “This murder in broad daylight … Everything changed,” says Stone, the Baby Boomer director who served in Vietnam and made a movie about it before turning his critical lens on the Kennedy assassination. (AP Photo/Warner Bros.)
JFK Across The Generations
FILE – In this Aug. 15, 1964 file photo, a demonstrator clutches his glasses as New York City police officers subdue him in Times Square in New York during a protest against U.S. actions in South Vietnam. Todd Gitlin said in his history of the era, “The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage”: “There are times when an entire culture takes the shape of a single event, like rows of iron filings lined up by the force of a magnet. … The educated young felt his call, projected their ideals onto him. His murder was felt as the implosion of plenitude, the tragedy of innocence. From the zeitgeist fantasy that everything was possible, it wasn’t hard to flip over and conclude that nothing was.” (AP Photo)
Chris Gregoire
FILE – In this Dec. 11, 2012 file photo, a bust of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy sits on the desk of Gov. Chris Gregoire near a photo of Gregoire and U.S. President Barack Obama, in Olympia, Wash. Lisa Pease, a researcher who has studied 1960s assassinations extensively, said at an October 2013 assassination symposium in Pittsburgh, “We have to know the truth of our past and our present, in order to make good decisions about our future.” (AP Photo/Elaine Thompson)
JFK Across The Generations
FILE – This Friday, Nov. 20, 2003 file photo shows a display of photographs of U.S. President John F. Kennedy at the Sixth Floor Museum in Dallas. The candid contact-sheet images on display at the museum are all that remains of the Jacques Lowe collection. More than 40,000 of his negatives of the Kennedy family were destroyed in the 2001 World Trade Center attacks. (AP Photo/LM Otero)
Andy Warhol, “Sixteen Jackies”
FILE – In this Friday, March 17, 2006 file photo, a visitor talks about Andy Warhol’s “Sixteen Jackies” during a preview at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago. The work features images of Jackie Kennedy shortly before and after President John F. Kennedy’s assassination. (AP Photo/M. Spencer Green)
Talib Hopkins
FILE – In this Wednesday, June 20, 2012 file photo, Talib Hopkins, 10, dives into a pool at the John F. Kennedy Aquatic Center in Newark, N.J. An event that changes reality for one generation can, with the passage of time, be a mere historical footnote for another. The assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy still resonates across American culture. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez)
Kennedy Eternal Flame
FILE – In this Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013 file photo, visitors stand near the eternal flame at the grave site of U.S. President John F. Kennedy at the Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Va. The cemetery transferred the flame from a temporary burner to the restored permanent eternal flame that is part of a memorial to the 35th president. Repairs began in April 2013 to replace components of the eternal flame’s burner. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh)
JFK Across The Generations
FILE – In this Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013 file photo, visitors cast shadows near the eternal flame at the grave site of U.S. President John F. Kennedy at the Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Va. The cemetery transferred the flame from a temporary burner to the restored permanent eternal flame that is part of a memorial to the 35th president. Repairs began in April 2013 to replace components of the eternal flame’s burner. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh)
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We cannot get past it, we Americans. Not a half century later. Maybe not even ever.
The president with the easy grin in whom so much hope was invested. His wife, forever frozen in pink and pillbox hat. The motorcade. The sunny day. The shadowy man in the window with a rifle. Even more shadowy, the man on the nearby “grassy knoll” who perhaps existed, perhaps didn’t. The flickering, silent color film of a leader’s final moments. And the way it is described, even now, by so many Americans: the “loss of innocence” that left us vulnerable to so much of the heartache and tumult that was still to come. If, that is, we were ever truly innocent in the first place.
We should move on, maybe. But we don’t. From that moment in Dallas — that moment scoured and buffed for so long, visited and revisited by so many people with so many agendas for so many years — from that moment until now, Americans will not let go of this event that changed so much and, just as significantly, was thought to have changed so much more. Even as the world lurched forward, Pause was pressed on that moment, and Play has never really been pressed again.
Why? Here’s one two-word answer: baby boomers.
It is they who have carried this torch, they who have fueled its flame. When talk turns to the inevitable question — “Where were you when you heard the president had been shot?” — the dominant answer in American culture is this one: “I was in school.” It is almost as if no adults were around on the Friday of the assassination, except as bit players. This is because baby boomers — who were, indeed, in school that day — are the ones who have shaped the national memories of this event.
For this generation — the Americans who were 17 and under on that day and, today, are from 67 down to, say, 49 — the assassination of John F. Kennedy remains the watershed event that birthed the decade we know as the ’60s and rippled out, year after year, into politics and science and art and culture. It has been a singular snowball rolling down a hill, still gathering debris and holding onto momentum as it hurtles through succeeding generations.
“This murder in broad daylight … Everything changed,” says Oliver Stone, the boomer director who served in Vietnam and made a movie about it before turning his distinctively critical lens on the Kennedy assassination.
Because he knows what becomes clearer with each passing year: For better and for worse, it was the event that defined the generation that has defined the way we look at the world today.
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“So, what constitutes a Baby Boomer? Opinions vary, but most agree that a Boomer was born between 1946 and the start of the Vietnam War (about 1963). I, however, submit that a real Boomer is defined by the recollection of a world-changing event: JFK’s assassination.” — Ron Enderland, operator of a blog called “I Remember JFK: A Baby Boomer’s Pleasant Reminiscing Spot”
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To define the collective traits of a generation — to broad-brush millions of Americans with a statement like “they think” or “they believe” — is a futile pursuit. Many have tried, particularly with the boomers. Most have fallen short. The group is too diverse.
Yet when it comes to this event, boomers are often united by the way they characterize it. Many have described it not simply as an ending — of a life, a presidency, an era — but as a beginning. It is variously cast as the start of when America took a turn for the worse, the beginning of deep distrust of government, the unleasher of many kinds of chaos — and, of course, the dawn of the acceleration of the Vietnam War and the out-of-control decade it defined.
“It has become a founding crisis … for this generation in particular,” says Art Simon, author of “Dangerous Knowledge: The JFK Assassination in Art and Film.”
“They have made it their own,” he says. “They made it part of what came after it. They made it part of this revision, or this crisis, over governmental legitimacy. Or they used it as a founding moment for the unraveling of government legitimacy.”
Many who have chronicled the generation characterize the assassination in similar fashion. The sense that emerges is that many boomers found themselves in the curious position of being young enough to both experience it and not experience it — for it to be both a real event and something dreamlike, a fable that they saw through the eyes of parents, teachers, television before they were able to process it. The processing came later, as they grew.
In 1980, when the oldest boomers were 34 and the youngest barely 16, Landon Y. Jones wrote what remains one of the generation’s definitive histories — a book called “Great Expectations.” In it, the man credited with coining the term “baby boomer” wrote this of JFK’s death: “For the Baby Boom children, this was the most mesmerizing moment of their youth. Time was frozen.”
And in 1987, Todd Gitlin said this in his history of the era, “The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage”: “There are times when an entire culture takes the shape of a single event, like rows of iron filings lined up by the force of a magnet. … The educated young felt his call, projected their ideals onto him. His murder was felt as the implosion of plenitude, the tragedy of innocence. From the zeitgeist fantasy that everything was possible, it wasn’t hard to flip over and conclude that nothing was.”
This is the thing about seminal events, particularly ones that retain an aura of mystery and conspiracy: They become empty vessels to fill. And the Kennedy assassination, perhaps more than any event in our lifetimes except for 9/11, is the ultimate empty vessel for the media age that Kennedy himself helped create. The assassination’s mythology acts as its own echo chamber: Each time it appears to recede into the distance (and there have been many), a fresh echo always manages to reverberate.
That this emerged from the Kennedy years is no coincidence. His was the first American presidency to incorporate real-time mythmaking into its central narrative, and the media followed suit, building the aura of a “Camelot” whose violent loss was all the more painful because of the storyline that had enveloped it. Those same forces were harnessed immediately upon his death, both by Kennedy’s inner circle and the American media at large.
Thus, the millions of Americans who remember that era through childhood’s looking glass were assisted by the multiple souvenir editions of Life and Look magazines and commemorative newspaper sections purchased by their parents. Today, more than 1,000 of these talismans are for sale on eBay.
To talk to members of this generation, to read what they’ve written and listen to what they’ve said about the assassination over the years, is to see a few major themes emerge. Mournfulness and mythmaking — the sense of something lost — are among the more obvious. But there are others.
There is the persistent insistence of government conspiracy, of events that have been hidden from the public — and of complicity by just about everyone for just about every reason. In the era of NSA spying, this remains as potent a notion as ever. If indeed there were and are actual conspirators, they would have found it easy, in the past 50 years, to hide among the vast crowd implicated in various versions of the conspiracy. This is not to say that the conspiracy theorists — who bristle at the term — are wrong, only that they can’t all be right.
There is the sense that Vietnam might not have happened — or that this central trauma of modern America might have played out differently — had Kennedy lived. There is evidence to support this and refute it. “He was truly a man who was working toward peace … He is not just a missing president,” says Stone.
And lurking behind it all, there is a feeling that the assassination’s mystery, the uncertainty about dark forces possibly at play, has somehow seeped into everything: If “they” can do THAT, the thinking goes, then they can do just about anything.
Lisa Pease, a researcher who has studied 1960s assassinations extensively, encapsulated this sentiment at an assassination symposium in Pittsburgh last month: “We have to know the truth of our past and our present,” she said, “in order to make good decisions about our future.”
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“JFK, blown away. What else do I have to say?” — Billy Joel (born 1949), “We Didn’t Start the Fire”
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What more is there to say? There is, it seems, always more being said. Over 50 years, making sense of the Kennedy assassination became almost as much of an event as the assassination itself.
Simon, the writer about assassination art, has a theory. He says that Americans born during the baby boom look back upon the events of Nov. 22, 1963, and retrofit much of what has happened since then into that moment in time.
“What makes the boomer memory interesting is how much that memory is a reading backwards of what came during the 60s,” he says. “And the meaning of the JFK assassination for them is largely written through the prism of the deaths of Robert F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, the war in Southeast Asia. For them, the assassination is some detonator for the decade that follows.”
“Reading backwards”: They see things about that day in Dallas and add meaning that wasn’t there when it happened. And, with each new reading, the snowball gathers more as it rolls.
We tend, as Americans, to pour meaning into “defining events.” By doing so, we can persuade ourselves that history makes sense. It’s unfathomable and terrifying to think that things happen incrementally and haphazardly, and that no single event, much less one act of a single disaffected soul, could upend what we have built. So, says Simon, “we kind of mass-psychologize this” — and no one more than the generation that lived through it as young people.
There is no sign that it is abating. Exactly the opposite: As the 50th anniversary dawns this month, a society still heavily influenced by baby boomers keeps turning back, looking over the national shoulder one more time.
Just look at the merchandise in recent months, aimed squarely at boomers with purchasing power and the desire to nostalgically commemorate. There is the obligatory “50 Year Commemorative Ultimate Collector’s Edition” of Stone’s landmark film “JFK,” due out this week. There are dozens of new books with titles like “History Will Prove Us Right,” “The Hidden History of the JFK Assassination” and “We Were There.”
And new movies, too. One, based on Bill O’Reilly’s book, “Killing Kennedy,” stars Rob Lowe as JFK. Another, “Parkland,” chronicles the Dallas hospital in the hours after the assassination and, two days later, the Oswald killing. A few weeks ago, USA Today came forth with a 48-page special commemorative edition about the 50th anniversary. Among its headlines: “Death is dividing line between eras.”
Last month, people fascinated by the assassination gathered in Pittsburgh under the auspices of Dr. Cyril Wecht, the forensic pathologist who has spent much of the half-century since Kennedy’s death investigating it beyond what the much-maligned Warren Commission did. There were panels, workshops, even a comedy show (“Is it too soon to joke?” said the flier).
But you looked around the crowd at one of the evening panels, and though people in their 20s and 30s were present, the majority of the seats were filled by folks with graying hair who appeared to be in their 50s and 60s: boomers. “There’s not enough young people here,” Stone said at one point.
Generations are funny things, if they even truly exist at all. An event that changes reality for one generation can, with the passage of time, be a mere historical footnote for another. The Kennedy assassination still resonates across American culture and will for many more years. But for those who came of age with it, who watched events spin out after it — all the way to another time-stopping reset at 9/11 — is it so unexpected that they “read backwards” to that weekend in 1963 and its message that things would never be the same?
“I was only really aware of how profoundly it changed the country years later when I was in college, because Kennedy’s assassination started a chain reaction — a kind of house of cards started to come down, not immediately but gradually over the next decade,” Steven Spielberg, born in 1946, wrote in “Where Were You? America Remembers the JFK Assassination.”
Author Stephen King, who has infused his boomer sensibilities into many works, spent 849 pages in 2011 delving into what the world might have been if someone could have traveled back in time and stopped Lee Harvey Oswald. King’s “11/22/63” poked a stick into a central boomer worry: that the world isn’t what it appears to be, and that the Kennedy assassination ripped away the veneer.
“For a moment everything was clear,” King wrote in the book, “and when that happens you see that the world is barely there at all. Don’t we all secretly know this? It’s a perfectly balanced mechanism of shouts and echoes pretending to be wheels and cogs, a dream clock chiming beneath a mystery glass we call life. Behind it? Below it and around it? Chaos, storms. . A universe of horror and loss surrounding a single lighted stage where mortals dance in defiance of the dark.”
What more is there to say? About this, will there always be more? To deploy an old Kennedy metaphor, the torch is being passed to a new generation of Americans. What they will do with it — and whether they can, or even should, let it go and move on — is the JFK assassination story of the next half century.
